James Henry Mussen Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy PC (4 April 1851 – 22 March 1931) was an Irish lawyer, politician in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and later in the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State. He was also Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
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He was born in Dublin and educated at Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire) and Trinity College, Dublin, graduating BA in 1874. After being called to the Irish bar in 1878, Campbell was made an Irish Queen's Counsel in 1892 and six years later was elected Irish Unionist MP for the Dublin seat of St. Stephen's Green. The following year he was called to the English bar, and in 1903 was elected to the House of Commons as representative for Dublin University, also becoming Solicitor General for Ireland that same year. He was made the country's Attorney General in 1905, being appointed an Irish Privy Counsellor, and in 1916 became Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.
Considerable controversy surrounded the efforts to appoint him a judge: the initial proposal to appoint him Lord Chancellor of Ireland met with fierce resistance from Irish Nationalists, and great efforts were made to find another vacancy. It appears Baron Atkinson was asked to retire from the House of Lords but refused.[1] Pressure was then put on the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Richard Robert Cherry who was seriously ill , to step down. Cherry was initially reluctant but eventually agreed to retire in December 1916.[2]. Maurice Healy in his memoirs remarks that Campbell was considered the finest Irish barrister of his time, with the possible exception of Edward Carson; as a judge he was somewhat fretful and impatient.[3]
Campbell was created a baronet in 1917, and the following year was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland. During the Irish War of Independence, his position was somewhat ambiguous. As head of the judiciary, he was naturally expected by the British Government to do all in his power to uphold British rule; but as his later career showed he was by no means opposed to the existence of the Irish Free State or to playing a role in the new Government. This attitude naturally infuriated the British administration, some of whom regarded it as close to a betrayal. Mark Sturgis, the Dublin Castle official whose diaries give a vivid picture of the last years of British rule, condemned Campbell bitterly as a coward who "does nothing and apparently thinks of nothing but the best way to show Sinn Fein that he is neutral and passive."[4] On relinquishing office in 1921 he was ennobled as Baron Glenavy, of Milltown in the County of Dublin.
In 1922 he was nominated to the new Senate (Irish: Seanad) by WT Cosgrave, and was elected by almost all of his fellow-senators as its first Chairman (in Irish: Cathaoirleach) on 12 December 1922.[5] After the Irish Free State Seanad election, 1925 he was again elected as Chairman on 9 December 1925 by a vote of 40-12.[6] He did not seek re-election when his term in the Senate expired in 1928.[7]
In January 1923 Lord Glenavy chaired the Judicial Committee appointed to advise the Executive Council of the Irish Free State (cabinet) on the creation of a new courts system for the Irish Free State. His recommendations were implemented in the Courts of Justice Act, 1924 which largely created the Irish courts system as it currently exists. This replaced the ad-hoc but politically important Dáil Courts system.[8]
Despite his age, Glenavy also served as Secretary of the new Department of Industry and Commerce, notably pushing for schemes to increase employment from 1922, which failed, and promoting the Shannon hydroeletric scheme with his minister Patrick McGilligan. From 1925 Glenavy's influence decreased, being opposed to Patrick Hogan's policy of economic support for the larger farmers.[9]
Lord Glenavy died in Dublin in 1931 and was buried in the city's Mount Jerome Cemetery.
His parents were William Mussen Campbell and Delia Poole Graham, the daughter of Henry Francis Graham of Newtown Abbey, County Kildare. William and Delia lived at Prospect House, Terenure, County Dublin.[10] His paternal grandfather's family was from Glenavy and Magheragall in County Antrim.
His son Charles married the Irish artist Beatrice Elvery, whose family founded Elverys Sports.
His grandson, under the name Patrick Campbell, was a noted satirist in the early years of television. He was a longtime captain of one of the panels in the BBC gameshow Call My Bluff against British comedy writer Frank Muir. Another grandson, Michael Campbell, later the 4th and last Lord Glenavy was the author of the homosexual novel Lord Dismiss Us.
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